diego garcia time

Diego Garcia Time - Diego Garcia is the largest atoll in the Chagos archipelago in the Indian Ocean. It has been a military base since the 1960s where only soldiers and support personnel live. Infrastructure includes wastewater treatment work. waste disposal facilities and air force base Uses of the lake include boating and anchoring large boats. The current levels of pollution from inorganic nutrients and other contaminants are unknown. A field study was conducted in March 2019 to provide baseline information on key environmental parameters and pollutants. to assess the status of sea water quality outside coral island Three stations were sampled that were least likely to be subject to human influence. (two from the north coast, considered 'near ancient', one on the east coast); sample station at the mouth of the lake; Samples were taken down from two of the 10 sewer stations within the lake. Ten stations were sampled in nearby locations most likely to be directly affected by activities such as boating and waste management. Six sampling stations in the central or eastern lakes. In situ sensors are used to estimate temperature, salinity, chlorophyll (in the form of fluorescence) and dissolved oxygen. Analyze the separation water sample for nutrients. Chemical contaminants, heavy metals, and bacteria indicate feces. Sea surface temperatures were highest (29.5–35 °C) within the lake. Salinity was generally higher (>34.1) outside the lake (compared to 33.8–34.1 internally). Surface nutrients were not detected at nearby stations for nitrate. and phosphate, and an average of 1.39 µm for soluble inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and 1.73 µm for silicate. Concentrations were higher at most other stations (maximum 5.7 μM DIN, 0.38 μM phosphate and 9.93 μM silicate), with ammonium predominantly at DIN. In the lake the chlorophyll concentration was relatively low ( 0.3 - 0.6 μg chl l

) at depth The results suggest a low level of overall pollution. decrease in oxygen Chemical contaminants (such as solvents and DEET) and heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, zinc and copper) within the lake are a concern due to the slow leaching rates. and will be notified Future Environmental Health Monitoring and Assessment at Diego Garcia

Diego Garcia Time

The UK Overseas Territories are home to over 90% of the UK's biodiversity. and is critical to regional and international marine conservation efforts. The British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), which includes the atolls of the Chagos Archipelago (Fig. 1), lies about 500 km south of the Maldives and comprises five low-lying reef islands (including total of 58 islands) covering an area of ​​640,000 km.

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The marine zone was declared a 'No Entry' Marine Protected Area (MPA) in 2010 (Sand, 2010; Shepard et al., 2013). The archipelago covers approximately 6,000 km.

The remainder of the shallow reefs have basin and abyss depths (>2000 m). Diego Garcia, the largest atoll, is located in the southeast of the island (Fig. 1; Purkis). et al., 2016). Most of the atoll area (about 70%) consists of large (11 km) lagoons.

Figure 1. Diego Garcia sampling station map of areas 1 to 3 in the lagoon, locations of line and nonlinear waste ponds and freshwater ponds in areas 1 and 2 that drain into the lagoon (Wang et al., 2014), showing Turtle Cove. It is a breeding ground and hatching turtle eggs. The inset shows (a) the location of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) and marine protected areas (MPA; blue line), (b) Atoll of the central Chagos Archipelago, and (c) Sampling Station 2 at the sewer.

Due to the location of the islands in the tropical southwestern Indian Ocean. Marine environments are therefore considered to be low in nutrients (Sheppard and Seward, 1999; Resplandi et al., 2009). zonal currents and measuring the amount of water (including sea mountains and thermocline ridges in Seychelles-Chacos; Hermes and Reason, 2008; Xu et al., 2014; Masner et al., 2017) and E. Windsman, nutrient-rich water transport and sustainable plankton production (Fasolo, 2013; George et al., 1984; 2009; Harms et al., 2019)

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; Raspalandi et al., 2009; George et al., 2018). High concentrations (nitrate >5 μM, > 1 μg chl l

) are usually found at or below the thermocline. which can vary in depth from about 20 to 120 m (George et al., 2013). Fasolo (2013) observed values ​​of about 0.25 to 1.5 μg chl l.

At Diego Garcia, the fore ramp reaches a depth of 400 m within a short distance (<1 km) of the atoll edge (Hamilton and East, 2012). The lagoon has a maximum depth of about 31 m in the centre. (Sheppard and Sheppard, 2019) and can be roughly divided There are 3 north-south basins, which will gradually become shallower and have a more complex topography. including coral and limestone mounds (Hamilton and East, 2012). The southernmost basin (area 1, Fig. 1) is the smallest basin and has a mean water depth of ∼7 m; To the north, Area 2 is slightly larger and the average water depth is ∼9 m. Area 3 is the largest basin and generally has the deepest water (average ∼13 m, Wang et al., 2014). (i.e., the time it takes to flush 90–95% of the initial water mass from the lake) is expected to take a long time. Wang et al. (2014) estimate that the total lake flushing time is 24–32 days. The outer part of Area 3 (closest to the estuary) experienced a strong flow (19–25 days). and cold salt water. Water An inland lake (area 1) which receives fresh water inflow during rain. It is estimated that there is the longest flushing time (38–43 days) and moderate microclimate circulation and weak current influence. It is characterized by warm fresh water. between the outer and inner parts of the lake Variable characteristics include moderate stream washout (34–41 days in area 2, 22–28 days in the southern area of ​​area 3) and river flow (Wang et al., 2014). Seawater entering the interior of the lake through deep water channels may occur. But this has not been shown (Sheehan et al., 2019). Limestone carbonate land margins receive the highest rainfall in the Indian Ocean (Stoddart, 1971; Hamilton and East, 2012). 1950, with the wettest months from November to April. (Australian Summer, Shepard and Shepard, 2019) when a light northwesterly wind blows. Most of the rainfall probably accumulates in the large freshwater ponds located on the southern edge of the lake. and contributing to fresh water flow into the lake (Wang et al., 2014; Sheehan et al. al., 2019).

In 1966, an agreement was reached between the United Kingdom and the United States (UN, 1976) to establish a military base on Diego Garcia. There is no permanent population on Diego Garcia Island, but between three and five thousand US and British military and civilian personnel will be stationed on the atoll at any one time. to meet the needs of this population The waste disposal facility consists of two sewage processing plants that discharge into the coastal waters off the atoll. and lined and unobstructed waste pits on land (Spalding, 2018). Boats docked within the lake today discharge wastewater to the outside of the lake. Although there is some evidence of the accidental release of gray water and bilge into the lake.

Naval Support Facility Diego Garcia

Diego Garcia is sensitive to natural stressors and the effects of human activities on the marine environment. Accumulated stress can reduce species and habitat resilience. making them more vulnerable to storms and other natural events (Gibbs, 2009; Wiedenman et al., 2013; Johnston et al., 2015; Lovesett et al., 2015; Sheppard et al., 2015). 2017; Dougan et al., 2020; Hayes et al., 2020; Laffoli et al., 2020).

Emissions of sewage and other nutrients to the marine environment is a global problem (Cloren, 2001; Smith, 2003), with adverse effects such as excessive algae growth. (phytoplankton and/or macroalgae) depletion of oxygen and death (Benthos and fish) Painting and others, 2007; Tate et al., 2007; Devlin et al., 2011). In corals, increasing nutrient enrichment may result in reduced pathogen resistance (Daughan et al., 2020). Sewage discharge has the potential to increase pathogen concentrations. especially fecal contamination (e.g., World Health Organization (WHO), 2003). The presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in environmental water samples indicates a high risk of fecal-borne pathogens. These can include other bacteria such as Salmonella spp., viruses such as hepatitis A, protozoa, or parasites.

Common man-made chemical contaminants that enter marine ecosystems can be harmful to marine life. Effects can be measured although specific effects, such as interaction with steroid receptors (Kirby et al., 2004; Smith et al., 2015) and effects on molt (McCain et al., 2015), are also available. Effects can be measured as whole organisms or population responses. including a decrease in productivity and an increase in respiration (Johnston et al., 2015).

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